Nzira yekushandisa sei mashanga paunenge uchigadzira composting?

Mashanga ndiwo marara anosara kana takohwa gorosi, mupunga nezvimwe zvirimwa.Zvisinei, sezvatinoziva tese, nekuda kwehunhu hwakakosha hweshanga, inogona kuita basa rakakosha mukugadzira manyowa.

Kushanda musimboti wekuita manyowa nekuita humification yevhu sehuswa hwezvirimwa nenhevedzano yezvipembenene.Muchikamu chekutanga checompost, iyo mineralization process ndiyo nzira huru, uye nhanho inotevera inotongwa nekuita humification.Kuburikidza nekugadzira manyowa, iyo kabhoni-nitrogen muyero weiyo organic matter inogona kuderedzwa, chikafu chiri mu organic matter chinogona kuburitswa, uye kupararira kweutachiona, mazai ezvipembenene, uye mhodzi dzemasora muzvinyorwa zvecompost zvinogona kuderedzwa.Naizvozvo, kuparara kwecompost haingori nzira yekuwora nekugadzirisazve organic matter asiwo inzira yekurapa isingakuvadze.Iko kumhanya uye kutungamira kwemaitiro aya kunopesvedzerwa nekuumbwa kwecompost zvinhu, ma microorganisms, uye mamiriro ayo ezvakatipoteredza.Kupisa-kupisa kompositi kunowanzopfuura nematanho ekudziya, kutonhora, uye kuisa fetereza.

Mamiriro ezvinhu ekuti compost yemashanga inofanira kusangana:

Zvikuru muzvikamu zvishanu: mwando, mhepo, tembiricha, kabhoni-nitrogen ratio, uye pH.

• Unyoro.Icho chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa basa rema microorganisms uye kukurumidza kwecompost.Iyo composting inoodzwa nyore nyore nehutachiona mushure mekutora mvura, kuwedzera, uye kupfava.Kazhinji, hunyoro hunofanirwa kunge huri 60% -75% yehuwandu hwemvura inobatika pane iyo composting material.
• Air.Huwandu hwemhepo mucompost hunokanganisa zvakananga basa rema microorganisms uye kuparara kweiyo organic matter.Naizvozvo, kugadzirisa mhepo, nzira yekutanga kusunungura uye ipapo yakasimba stacking inogona kugamuchirwa, uye shongwe dzemhepo uye madhishi emhepo anogona kuiswa mucompost, uye iyo compost pamusoro inogona kuvharwa nemavharo.
• Tembiricha.Mhando dzakasiyana dzema microorganisms ari mucompost ane zvakasiyana zvinodiwa pakupisa.Kazhinji, tembiricha yakakodzera yeanaerobic microorganisms ndeye 25-35 ° C, yeaerobic microorganisms, 40-50 ° C, yemesophilic microorganisms, tembiricha yakakwana i25-37 ° C, uye yemhando yepamusoro-tembiricha tupukanana.Iyo yakanyanya kutonhora tembiricha ndeye 60-65 ℃, uye basa rayo rinodzivirirwa kana richipfuura 65 ℃.Tembiricha yemurwi inogona kugadziriswa zvinoenderana nemwaka.Pakuita manyowa munguva yechando, wedzera mupfudze wemombe, hwai, nebhiza kuti uwedzere tembiricha yemhepo yecompost kana kuvhara murwi kuti udziye.Pakuita manyowa muzhizha, tembiricha yemuhwindi inokwira nekukasika, yobva yasandura mhepo yecompost, uye mvura inogona kuwedzerwa kuderedza tembiricha yemhepo kuitira kuchengetedza nitrogen.
• Carbon kune nitrogen ratio.Yakafanira kabhoni-nitrogen ratio (C/N) ndeimwe yemamiriro akakosha ekukurumidzira kuora compost, kudzivirira kunyanyisa kunwiwa kwezvinhu zvine kabhoni, uye kukurudzira kuumbwa kwehumus.Kugadzira manyowa ekupisa kwepamusoro kunonyanya kushandisa mashanga ezviyo sezviyo, uye kabhoni-nitrogen ratio inowanzoita 80-100:1, ukuwo iyo carbon-nitrogen ratio inodiwa pazviitiko zvehupenyu hwehutachiona ingangoita 25:1, kureva kuti. apo tupukanana tusingaoneki tunowora, chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chenitrogen, zvikamu 25 zvekabhoni zvinoda kusanganiswa.Kana iyo kabhoni-nitrogen ratio yakakura kupfuura 25: 1, nekuda kwekutapudza kwezviitwa zvehutachiona, kuparara kwe organic matter kunononoka, uye iyo nitrogen yese yakaora inoshandiswa nema microorganisms pachawo, uye nitrogen inoshanda haigone kuburitswa mucompost. .Kana iyo carbon-nitrogen ratio isingasviki 25: 1, microorganisms inowedzera nokukurumidza, zvinhu zviri nyore kuora, uye nitrogen inoshanda inogona kusunungurwa, iyo inobatsirawo pakuumbwa kwehumus.Nokudaro, iyo carbon-nitrogen reshiyo yemashanga euswa yakakura, uye iyo carbon-nitrogen ratio inofanira kugadziriswa kusvika 30-50:1 pakuita komputa.Kazhinji, manyowa evanhu akaenzana ne20% yecompost material kana 1% -2% nitrogen fetireza inowedzerwa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa netwupukanana zvenitrogen uye nekukasika kuora kwecompost.
• Acidity uye alkalinity (pH).Microorganisms inogona kushanda chete mukati mehumwe huwandu hweasidhi uye alkali.Zvizhinji tupukanana mucompost zvinoda kusarerekera kune zvishoma alkaline acid-base nharaunda (pH 6.4-8.1), uye iyo optimum pH i7.5.Akasiyana siyana organic acids anowanzo gadzirwa mukuita manyowa, kugadzira nzvimbo ine acidic uye kukanganisa mabasa ekubereka et microorganisms.Naizvozvo, huwandu hwakakodzera (2% -3% ye strawweight) yeraimu kana madota echirimwa inofanira kuwedzerwa panguva yekugadzira manyowa kugadzirisa pH.Kushandisa imwe superphosphate kunogona kukurudzira manyowa kuti ikure.

Mapoinzi makuru ehuswa hwepamusoro-tembiricha yekuisa composting tekinoroji:

1. Yakajairika composting nzira:

• Sarudza nzvimbo.Sarudza nzvimbo iri padyo nenzvimbo yemvura uye yakanakira kufambisa.Kukura kwecompost kunoenderana nenzvimbo uye huwandu hwezvinhu.Ivhu rinodzvurwa, ipapo pasi pevhu rakaoma rakatsetseka rinoiswa pasi, uye chidimbu chemadzinde echirimwa chisina kuchekwa chinoiswa pamusoro semubhedha une mhepo (inenge 26 cm mukobvu).
• Kubata uswa.Mashanga nezvimwe zvinhu zvemuchadenga zvakaturikidzana pamubhedha muzvikamu, dandemutande rimwe nerimwe rinenge rakareba masendimita makumi maviri, uye tsvina yevanhu uye weti zvinodururwa zvakaturikidzana (zvishoma pazasi uye zvakanyanya kumusoro)., kuitira kuti pasi pave nekubatana nevhu, dhonza danda rehuni mushure mekugadzirisa, uye maburi akasara anoshandiswa semakomba emhepo.
• Compost zvinhu ratio.Huyero hwemashanga, mupfudze wevanhu nemhuka, uye ivhu rakanaka 3:2:5, uye 2-5% fetireza yecalcium-magnesium-phosphate inowedzerwa kusanganisa manyowa kana zvinongedzo zvawedzerwa, zvinogona kuderedza kugadzika kwe phosphorus nekuvandudza. fetiraiza inoshanda yecalcium-magnesium-phosphate fetiraiza zvakanyanya.
• Inogadzirisa unyoro.Kazhinji, zvinokurudzirwa kubata zvinhu muruoko kana pane madonhwe.Cherai mugero wakadzika 30cm nekufara masendimita makumi matatu wakatenderedza mupfudze, uye murime ivhu rakatenderedza kudzivirira kurasika kwemupfudze.
• Mud seal.Nama murwi nedhaka kweanenge masendimita matatu.Kana muviri waunganidzwa uchinyura zvishoma nezvishoma uye tembiricha yemurwi ichidzikira zvishoma nezvishoma, shandura murwi, sanganisa zvinhu zvisina kuparara zvakanaka kumacheto nezvinhu zvemukati zvakaenzana, wozviunganidza zvakare.Kana zvinhu zvakawanikwa zvine mabhakitiriya machena Kana muviri wesilika uchionekwa, wedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hwemvura, uye wozoisimbisa zvakare nedhaka.Kana yaora nehafu, dzvanya zvakasimba woisimbisa kuti ugozoishandisa.
• Chiratidzo checompost iri kuora.Kana yanyatsoora, ruvara rwemashanga echirimwa rwakasvibira kusvika kushava, sadza rakapfava kana kusanganiswa kuita bhora, uye zvinosara zvechirimwa hazvisi pachena.Bata manyowa neruoko kuti usvine muto, usina ruvara uye usinganhuhwi mushure mekusefa.

2. Inokurumidza-kuora composting nzira:

• Sarudza nzvimbo.Sarudza nzvimbo iri padyo nenzvimbo yemvura uye yakanakira kufambisa.Kukura kwecompost kunoenderana nenzvimbo uye huwandu hwezvinhu.Kana ukasarudza ivhu rakati sandarara, unofanira kuvaka mutsetse wevhu wakareba 30cm uchipoterera kudzivirira mvura inoyerera.
• Kubata uswa.Kazhinji yakakamurwa kuita mitsara mitatu, ukobvu hwekutanga nehwechipiri masendimita makumi matanhatu, ukobvu hwechitatu hunoita 40 cm, uye musanganiswa wesonga inoora ejenti uye urea inosaswa zvakaenzana pakati pezvikamu uye pachikamu chechitatu, mashanga. decomposing agent uye urea Muyero wemusanganiswa uri 4:4:2 kubva pasi kusvika kumusoro.Iyo hupamhi hwekututira hunowanzo kudiwa kuve 1.6-2 metres, kureba kwekuisa 1.0-1.6 metres, uye kureba kunoenderana nehuwandu hwezvinhu uye saizi yesaiti.Mushure mekuisa, yakavharwa nedhaka (kana firimu).20-25 mazuva anogona kuora uye kushandiswa, hutano hwakanaka, uye hutano hunobudirira huripo hwakakwirira.
• Zvinhu uye reshiyo.Zvinoenderana netani imwe yemashanga, 1 kg yehuswa inoora (yakadai se “301″ bacterial agent, rot straw spirit, chemical ripening agent, “HEM” bacterial agent, enzyme bacteria, etc.), uyezve 5 kg ye urea ( kana 200- 300 kg yetsvina yevanhu yakaora uye weti) kusangana nenitrogen inodiwa pakuviriswa kwemicrobial, uye kugadzirisa chiyero checarbon-nitrogen zvine musoro.
• Dzora unyoro.Usati waita manyowa, sora sadza nemvura.Huyero hweshanga hwakaoma kumvura hunowanzoita 1:1.8 kuitira kuti mwando wesadza usvike 60% -70%.Kiyi yekubudirira kana kukundikana.