Nheyo ye organic compost kuvirisa

1. Muchidimbu

Chero mhando yemhando yepamusoro-yemhando yekugadzirwa kwecompost inofanirwa kuenda kuburikidza nekuvirisa komputa.Kompositi inzira iyo organic matter inoderedzwa nekudzikamiswa netwupukanana mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu kuti ibudise chigadzirwa chakakodzera kushandiswa kwevhu.

Kompositi, nzira yechinyakare uye yakapfava yekurapa tsvina yepasi nekugadzira fetiraiza, yakwezva kutarisisa kwakawanda munyika zhinji nekuda kwekukosha kwezvakatipoteredza, inounzawo mabhenefiti mukugadzirwa kwekurima.Zvinonzi zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nevhu zvinogona kudzivirirwa nekushandisa manyowa akaora sembeu.Mushure mekupisa kwepamusoro-soro yekugadzira manyowa, nhamba yebhakitiriya inopikisa inogona kusvika pakakwirira zvikuru, haisi nyore kuora, kugadzikana, uye nyore kutorwa nezvirimwa.Zvichakadaro, kuita kwema microorganisms kunogona kuderedza huturu hwesimbi inorema mune imwe mhando.Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti composting inzira iri nyore uye inoshanda yekugadzira bio-organic fertilizer, iyo inobatsira mukusimudzira kurima kwezvakatipoteredza. 

Sei manyowa ichishanda zvakadai?Izvi zvinotevera tsananguro yakadzama yemisimboti yecompost:

 2. Nheyo ye organic compost kuvirisa

2.1 Shanduko yeorganic matter panguva yecompost

Shanduko ye organic matter mucompost pasi pechiito che microorganisms inogona kupfupikiswa kuita maviri maitiro: imwe ndeye mineralization ye organic matter, ndiko kuti, kuparara kwezvinhu zvakaoma organic kuita zvinhu zviri nyore, imwe inzira yekunyorovesa ye organic matter, ndiko kuti, kuparara uye kuumbwa kwe organic matter kuti ibudise yakanyanya kuoma organic matter-humus.Iwo maviri maitiro anoitwa panguva imwe chete asi nenzira yakapesana.Pasi pemamiriro akasiyana, kusimba kwemaitiro ega ega kwakasiyana.

2.1.1 Mineralization of organic matter

• Kuora kwenitrogen-isina organic matter

Polysaccharide compounds (starch, cellulose, hemicellulose) inotanga hydrolyzed mu monosaccharides ne hydrolytic enzymes yakavanzwa nema microorganisms.Zvigadzirwa zvepakati zvakadai sedoro, acetic acid, uye oxalic acid zvakanga zvisiri nyore kuunganidza, uye pakupedzisira zvakagadzira CO₂ neH₂O, uye zvakabudisa simba rakawanda rekupisa.Kana kufefetera kwakashata, pasi pechiito chemicrobe, monosaccharide ichaora zvishoma nezvishoma, ichibudisa kupisa kuduku, uye kuunganidza zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvepakati-organic acids.Pasi pemamiriro egasi-anodzinga tupukanana, kuderedza zvinhu zvakaita seCH₄ uye H₂ zvinogona kugadzirwa.

• Kuora kubva munitrogen-ine organic matter

Nitrogen-ine organic matter mucompost inosanganisira protein, amino acids, alkaloids, hummus, zvichingodaro.Kunze kwe humus, yakawanda inoora nyore nyore.Semuenzaniso, mapuroteni, pasi pekuita kweprotease yakavanzwa neiyo microorganism, inosvibisa nhanho nhanho, inogadzira akasiyana amino acids, uyezve inoumba ammonium munyu uye nitrate zvakateerana kuburikidza neammoniation uye nitration, iyo inogona kutorwa uye kushandiswa nezvirimwa.

• Shanduko yephosphorus-ine organic makomisheni mucompost

Pasi pekuita kweakasiyana siyana saprophytic microorganisms, inoumba phosphoric acid, inova chikafu icho zvirimwa zvinogona kutora uye kushandisa.

• Shanduko yesarufa-ine organic matter

Sulfur-ine organic matter mucompost, kuburikidza nebasa rema microorganisms kugadzira hydrogen sulfide.Hydrogen sulfide iri nyore kuunganidza munzvimbo yekusada gasi, uye inogona kuva muchetura kuzvirimwa nemamicroorganisms.Asi pasi pemamiriro ekufema zvakanaka, hydrogen sulfide inoiswa ku sulfuric acid pasi pekuita kwebhakitiriya resarufa uye inopindirana nehwaro hwecompost kuumba sulfate, iyo isingabvisi huturu hwehydrogen sulfide, uye inova sulfur nutrients iyo miti inogona kunwa.Pasi pemamiriro emhepo yakaipa, sulfation yakaitika, iyo yakaita kuti H₂S irasikirwe uye ine chepfu mumuti.Mukuvirisa compost, aeration yecompost inogona kuvandudzwa nekutenderedza compost nguva nenguva, saka anti-sulfuration inogona kubviswa.

• Shanduko ye lipids uye inonhuhwirira organic komisheni

Zvakadai setannin uye resin, yakaoma uye inononoka kuora, uye zvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira zvakare CO₂ uye mvura Lignin igadziro yakagadzikana ine zvinhu zvinomera (zvakadai sebark, sawdust, nezvimwewo) mukugadzira manyowa.Izvo zvakaoma zvikuru kuora nekuda kwechimiro chayo chakaoma uye nucleus inonhuhwirira.Pasi pemamiriro ekufema kwakanaka, iyo nucleus inonhuhwirira inogona kushandurwa kuita quinoid makomisheni kuburikidza nekuita kwefungi uye Actinomycetes, inova imwe yezvakagadzirwa zvekugadzirisazve humus.Zvechokwadi, zvinhu izvi zvicharamba zvichiputsika pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.

Muchidimbu, iyo mineralization yecomposted organic matter inogona kupa kukurumidza-kuita chikafu chezvirimwa uye tupukanana, kupa simba rezviitiko zvehutachiona, uye kugadzirira zvakakosha zvekushandisa kunyorovesa kwecompost organic matter.Kana composting ichidzorwa ne aerobic microorganisms, iyo organic matter inokurumidza kuita mineralizes kuti ibudise kabhoni dhaikisaidhi, mvura, uye zvimwe zvinovaka muviri, inoora nekukurumidza uye zvakakwana, uye inoburitsa yakawanda yekupisa simba. kupisa simba, uye zvigadzirwa zvekuora zviri kuwedzera kune zvinovaka muviri, zviri nyore kuunganidza organic acids uye reductive zvinhu zvakaita seCH₄, H₂S, PH₃, H₂, nezvimwewo.Kupedzwa kwecompost panguva yekuvirisa kunoitirwawo kushandura rudzi rwekuita kwe microbial kubvisa zvinhu zvinokuvadza.

2.1.2 Humification ye organic matter

Kune akawanda dzidziso pamusoro pekuumbwa kwehumus, iyo inogona kukamurwa kuita nhanho mbiri: yekutanga, apo organic masara anoputsika kuti agadzire zvinhu zvakasvibirira zvinoumba mamorekuru emuhumus, muchikamu chechipiri, polyphenol inoshongedzwa kuita quinone. nePolyphenol oxidase inovanzwa nemicroorganism, uyezve quinone inodzorwa neamino acid kana peptide kuita humus monomer.Nekuti phenol, quinine, amino acid siyana, mutual condensation haisi nzira imwechete, saka kuumbwa kwehumus monomer kwakasiyanawo.Mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana, mamonomeri aya anowedzeredza kuita mamorekuru ehukuru hwakasiyana.

2.2 Shanduko yesimbi inorema panguva yecompost

Madhaka ekanzuru ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakanakisa zvekugadzira manyowa nekuvirisa nekuti ine chikafu chakapfuma uye organic matter yekukura kwembesa.Asi madhaka ekanzuru anowanzo aine simbi dzinorema, idzi simbi dzinorema dzinowanzoreva mercury, chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, zvichingodaro.Microorganisms, kunyanya mabhakitiriya uye fungi, inoita basa rakakosha mu biotransformation yeheavy metal.Kunyangwe mamwe ma microorganisms anogona kushandura kuvepo kwesimbi inorema munzvimbo, kuita kuti makemikari awedzere muchetura uye kukonzera matambudziko akakomba ezvakatipoteredza, kana kumisa simbi inorema, uye kuunganidza kuburikidza necheni yechikafu.Asi mamwe ma microbes anogona kubatsira kuvandudza nharaunda nekubvisa masimbi anorema kubva kunharaunda kuburikidza nekuita zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga.Microbial shanduko yeHG inosanganisira zvinhu zvitatu, kureva methylation yeinorganic mercury (Hg₂+), kuderedza inorganic mercury (Hg₂+) kusvika kuHG0, kuora, uye kuderedzwa kwemethylmercury uye mamwe organic mercury makomisheni kuHG0.Aya ma microorganisms anokwanisa kushandura inorganic uye organic mercury kuita elemental mercury anonzi mercury-resistant microorganisms.Kunyangwe ma microorganisms asingakwanise kusvibisa masimbi anorema, anogona kuderedza huturu hwesimbi inorema nekudzora nzira yavo yekushandura.

2.3 Kompositi uye kuvirisa maitiro

Kompositi inzira yekudzikamisa tsvina, asi inoda humidity yakakosha, aeration mamiriro, uye tupukanana kuti ibudise tembiricha chaiyo.Tembiricha inofungidzirwa kuti yakakwira kupfuura 45 °C (inenge 113 degrees Fahrenheit), ichiichengeta yakakwira zvekumisa hutachiona uye kuuraya mhodzi dzemasora.Mwero wekuora wezvakasara zve organic matter mushure mekuita manyowa zvine mutsindo wakaderera, wakagadzikana, uye zviri nyore kutorwa nezvirimwa.Kunhuwa kunogona kuderedzwa zvakanyanya mushure mekuita manyowa.

Iyo composting maitiro anosanganisira akawanda akasiyana ma microorganisms.Nekuda kwekuchinja kwezvinhu zvakasvibirira uye mamiriro, huwandu hweakasiyana ma microorganisms ari kuchinjawo nguva dzose, saka hapana hutachiona hunogara huchitonga maitiro ekugadzira manyowa.Nzvimbo yega yega ine nharaunda yayo chaiyo yehutachiona, uye hutachiona hwakasiyana-siyana hunogonesa composting kudzivirira kuparara kwehurongwa kunyangwe mamiriro ekunze achinja.

Iyo composting process inonyanya kuitwa ne microorganisms, inova iyo huru yecomposting fermentation.Utachiona hunobatanidzwa mukugadzira manyowa hunobva kunzvimbo mbiri: huwandu hukuru hwehutachiona hwagara huripo mumarara emarara, uye yekugadzira microbial inoculum.Pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, madhiri aya ane simba rakasimba rekuora mamwe marara uye ane hunhu hwekuita kwakasimba, kukurumidza kupararira, uye nekukurumidza kuora kweiyo organic matter, iyo inogona kukurumidza kuita composting, kupfupisa iyo composting reaction time.

Kompositi inowanzokamurwa kuita aerobic composting uye anaerobic composting marudzi maviri.Aerobic composting ndiyo decomposition process ye organic materials under aerobic conditions, uye zvigadzirwa zvayo zvemasabolism zvinonyanya kuve carbon dioxide, mvura, uye kupisa;anaerobic composting ndiyo nzira yekuparara kwezvinhu zveorganic pasi peanaerobic mamiriro, metabolites yekupedzisira yeanaerobic decomposition ndeye methane, carbon dioxide uye akawanda akaderera mamorekuru uremu hwepakati, senge organic acids.

Iwo makuru hutachiona hwemhando dzakabatanidzwa mukuita manyowa mabhakitiriya, fungi, uye actinomycetes.Aya marudzi matatu ema microorganisms ese ane mesophilic bacteria uye hyperthermophilic bacteria.

Munguva yekugadzira manyowa, huwandu hwehutachiona hwakachinja nenzira inotevera: nharaunda dzepasi uye dzepakati tembiricha dzehutachiona dzakashanduka kuita nharaunda dzepakati uye dzepamusoro-tembiricha dzehutachiona, uye nharaunda dzepakati nepamusoro-tembiricha dzehutachiona dzakachinja kuita nharaunda yepakati uye yakaderera-inopisa tupukanana.Nekuwedzera kwenguva yekugadzira manyowa, mabhakitiriya akadzikira zvishoma nezvishoma, actinomycetes yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, uye mold uye mbiriso pakupera kwecompost yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya.

Nzira yekuvirisa ye organic compost inogona kungokamurwa kuita nhanho ina:

2.3.1 Panguva yekupisa

Munguva yekutanga nhanho yekugadzira manyowa, ma microorganisms ari mucompost anonyanya kupisa ari pakati nepakati uye yakanaka mhepo, iyo yakajairika iyo isiri-spore bacteria, spore bacteria, uye mold.Vanotanga kuvirisa kwecompost, uye vanoodza organic matter (senge shuga iri nyore, starch, protein, etc.) zvine simba pasi pemamiriro ekunze akanaka, vachiburitsa kupisa kwakawanda uye vachiramba vachisimudza tembiricha yecompost, kusimuka kubva. inenge 20 °C (inenge 68 degrees Fahrenheit) kusvika 40 °C (inenge 104 degrees Fahrenheit) inonzi febrile stage, kana kuti yepakati tembiricha.

2.3.2 Panguva yekupisa kwakanyanya

Ma microorganisms anodziya zvishoma nezvishoma anotora kubva kumhando dzinodziya uye tembiricha inoramba ichikwira, kazhinji pamusoro pe50 °C (inenge 122 degrees Fahrenheit) mukati memazuva mashoma, kupinda muchikamu chepamusoro-tembiricha.Muchikamu chepamusoro-chepamusoro, iyo yakanaka inopisa actinomycetes uye yakanaka inopisa fungus inova mhando huru.Vanoputsa zvinhu zvakaoma zvehupenyu mucompost, zvakadai se cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, nezvimwewo.Kupisa kunowedzera uye tembiricha yecompost inokwira kusvika pa60 °C (inenge 140 madhigirii Fahrenheit), izvi zvakakosha zvikuru kukurumidza kuita compost.Zvisina kunaka composting of compost, chete pfupi zvikuru yakakwirira-tembiricha nguva, kana pasina yakakwirira tembiricha, uye saka kunonoka chaizvo kukura, muhafu yegore kana kupfuura nguva haisi hafu akura mamiriro.

2.3.3 Munguva yekutonhora

Mushure meimwe nguva panguva yekupisa kwepamusoro-soro, yakawanda ye cellulose, hemicellulose, uye pectin zvinhu zvakasvibiswa, zvichisiya shure zvakaoma-kuora-kuora zvikamu zvakaoma (eg lignin) uye ichangobva kuumbwa humus, basa rezvipukanana zvakaderera. uye tembiricha yakadzikira zvishoma nezvishoma.Kana tembiricha yadzikira pasi pe40 °C (inenge 104 degrees Fahrenheit), masophilic microorganisms anova iwo marudzi ane simba.

Kana nhanho yekutonhodza ikauya kare, mamiriro ekugadzira manyowa haana kunaka uye kuora kwezvinhu zvezvirimwa hakuna kukwana.Panguva ino inogona kushandura murwi, murwi wezvinhu zvinosanganiswa, kuitira kuti ibudise kupisa kwechipiri, kupisa, kukurudzira composting.

2.3.4 Kukura uye danho rekuchengetedza fetereza

Mushure mekuita manyowa, vhoriyamu inodzikira uye tembiricha yecompost inodonha kusvika zvishoma pane tembiricha yemhepo, ipapo manyowa anofanira kudzvanywa zvakasimba, zvichikonzera anaerobic mamiriro uye kuderedza mineralization ye organic matter, kuchengetedza fetiraiza.

Muchidimbu, kuvirisa kwe organic compost inzira ye microbial metabolism uye kubereka.Iyo nzira ye microbial metabolism inzira yekuora kwe organic matter.Kuora kwe organic matter kunogadzira simba, iro rinofambisa maitiro ekugadzira manyowa, rinosimudza tembiricha, uye rinoomesa substrate yakanyorova.

 
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