Hideo Ikeda: 4 kukosha kwecompost yekuvandudza ivhu

About Hideo Ikeda:

Mumwe chizvarwa cheFukuoka Prefecture, Japan, akaberekwa muna 1935. Akauya kuChina muna 1997 uye akadzidza ruzivo rweChinese uye zvekurima paShandong University.Kubva 2002, akashanda neChikoro cheHorticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, nedzimwe nzvimbo muShouguang neFeicheng.Zvikwata zvemabhizinesi nemadhipatimendi ehurumende emunharaunda akabatana anodzidza matambudziko mukugadzirwa kwekurima muShandong uye ari kuita kudzivirira nekudzora zvirwere zvinotakura ivhu uye kuvandudzwa kwevhu, pamwe netsvakiridzo ine chekuita nekurima sitirobheri.MuShouguang Guta, Guta reJinan, Guta reTai'an, Guta reFeicheng, Guta reQufu, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekutungamira kugadzirwa kwecompost, kuvandudzwa kwevhu, kudzora zvirwere zvinotakura ivhu, nekurima sitirobheri.Muna Kukadzi 2010, akawana chitupa chenyanzvi dzekune dzimwe nyika (rudzi: zvehupfumi uye zvehunyanzvi) chakapihwa neHurumende Administration yeKune dzimwe nyika Nyanzvi dzePeople's Republic of China.

1. Nhanganyaya

Mumakore achangopfuura, shoko rokuti “Green Food” rave richikurumbira, uye chido chevatengi chokudya “zvokudya zvisina ngozi zvinogona kudyiwa nechivimbo” chiri kuramba chichiwedzera.

Chikonzero nei kurima organic, uko kunogadzira chikafu chakasvibirira, kwakwezva kutarisisa, ndiko kumashure kwenzira yekurima iyo inoumba iyo huru yekurima yemazuva ano, iyo yakatanga muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20 nekushandiswa kwakanyanya kwemafetereza emakemikari uye. mishonga yezvipembenene.

Kufarirwa kwemafetereza emakemikari kwakakonzera kudzoreredzwa kukuru kwefotereza, zvichiteverwa nekudzikira kwegoho rekurima.Izvi zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya kunaka uye goho rezvigadzirwa zvekurima.Zvigadzirwa zvekurima zvinogadzirwa panyika pasina kuorera kwevhu hazvina kunaka, zvinogara zvichisangana nezvinetso zvakaita semasara emishonga yezvipembenene, uye kurasikirwa nekuravira kwembeu kwepakutanga.Nekuvandudzwa kwemararamiro evanhu, izvi zvinoumba zvikonzero zvakakosha nei vatengi vachida "kudya kwakachengeteka uye kunonaka".

Kurima zvisina kusimba haisi indasitiri itsva.Kusvikira pakuiswa kwemakemikari mafetiraiza muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rapfuura, yaive yakajairika nzira yekugadzira yekurima kwese.Kunyanya, manyowa echiChinese ane nhoroondo yemakore 4,000.Munguva iyi, kurima organic, kwakavakirwa pakushandiswa kwecompost, kwakabvumira ivhu rine hutano uye rinobereka kuchengetedzwa.Asi yakaparadzwa nemakore asingasviki makumi mashanu ekurima kwemazuva ano kuzere nefetereza yemakemikari.Ikoku kwakatungamirira kumamiriro ezvinhu akakomba nhasi.

Kuti tikunde mamiriro ezvinhu akakomba aya, tinofanira kudzidza kubva munhoroondo uye kusanganisa tekinoroji yemazuva ano kuvaka rudzi rutsva rwekurima organic, nokudaro tichivhura nzira yekurima yakagadzikana uye yakagadzikana.

2. Fetereza uye composting

Mafetereza emakemikari ane hunhu hwezvinhu zvakawanda zvefetereza, fetiraiza yepamusoro inoshanda, uye kukurumidza kuita.Mukuwedzera, zvigadzirwa zvakagadziriswa zviri nyore kushandisa, uye zvishoma chete zvinotarisirwa, uye mutoro webasa zvakare muduku, saka kune zvakawanda zvinobatsira.Kushata kwefetereza iyi inyaya yekuti haina humus yeorganic matter.

Kunyangwe manyowa kazhinji aine mashoma mafetiraiza uye inononoka fetireza mhedzisiro, chakanakira ndechekuti ine zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinokurudzira kukura kwebiology, senge hummus, amino acids, mavhitaminzi, uye trace elements.Izvi ndizvo zvinhu zvinoratidzira organic Agriculture.

Zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa zvecompost zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nekuparara kwe organic matter ne microorganisms, izvo zvisingawanikwe mune inorganic fertilizer.

3. Zvakanakira kugadzira manyowa

Parizvino, kune huwandu hukuru hwe "organic tsvina" kubva munzanga yevanhu, senge zvisaririra, tsvina, uye tsvina yemumba kubva kumaindasitiri ekurima nezvipfuyo.Izvi hazvingogumiri pakupambadzwa kwezviwanikwa asiwo zvinounza matambudziko makuru emagariro.Mazhinji acho anopiswa kana kuvigwa semarara asina basa.Izvi zvinhu izvo zvakazoraswa pakupedzisira zvachinja kuva zvikonzero zvinokosha zvokushatisa mhepo kukuru, kushatiswa kwemvura, uye dzimwe ngozi dzavanhu vose, kuchiparira kuvadziko huru kunzanga.

Iyo composting kurapwa kweiyo organic tsvina ine mukana wekugadzirisa zvakanyanya matambudziko ari pamusoro.Nhau inotiudza kuti “zvinhu zvose zvipenyu zvinobva pasi zvinodzokera kupasi” inzvimbo inotenderera inowirirana zvikuru nemitemo yechisiko, uye inobatsirawo uye haina ngozi kuvanhu.

Apo bedzi “ivhu, zvirimwa, mhuka, uye vanhu” zvinoumba cheni ine utano youpenyu hwomunhu, ndipo panogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti utano hwomunhu hunogona kuva nechokwadi.Apo mhoteredzo noutano zvinovandudzwa, Fariro inofarikanywa navanhu ichabetsera zvizvarwa zvedu zvomunguva yemberi, uye zvikomborero hazviperi.

4. Basa uye kushanda kwecompost

Zvirimwa zvine hutano zvinokura munzvimbo dzine hutano.Chinonyanya kukosha pane izvi ivhu.Kompositi ine basa guru pakuvandudza ivhu asi fetereza isingaite.

Paunenge uchivandudza ivhu kuti ugadzire ivhu rine hutano, chinonyanya kudiwa kutarisisa ndeye "muviri", "biological", uye "kemikari" zvinhu zvitatu izvi.Zvinhu zvacho zvinopfupikiswa sezvizvi:

Zvimiro zvemuviri: kufefetedza, dhiraivha, kuchengetedza mvura, nezvimwe.

Biological: inoodza organic matter muvhu, gadzira chikafu, gadzira aggregates, inhibit ivhu zvirwere, uye inovandudza kunaka kwembesa.

Kemikari: Kemikari zvinhu zvakadai sevhu remakemikari kuumbwa (zvinovaka muviri), pH kukosha (acidity), uye CEC (kuchengetwa kwekudya).

Pakuvandudza ivhu nekusimudzira kusikwa kwevhu rine hutano, zvakakosha kukoshesa zvitatu zviri pamusoro.Kunyanya, kurongeka kwese ndiko kugadzirisa maitiro emuviri evhu kutanga, uye wozofunga nezvehupenyu hwayo hwehupenyu uye makemikari zvinhu pachikonzero ichi.

⑴ kuvandudzika kwemuviri

Iyo humus inogadzirwa mukuora kweiyo organic matter nema microorganisms inogona kukurudzira kuumbwa kwevhu granulation, uye kune makuru uye madiki pores muvhu.Inogona kuva nemigumisiro inotevera:

Aeration: kuburikidza nehombe uye diki pores, mhepo inodiwa kune chirimwa midzi uye microbial kufema inopihwa.

Drainage: Mvura inopinda nyore nyore pasi kuburikidza nemapores makuru, kubvisa kukanganisa kwekunyorova kwakanyanyisa (midzi yakaora, kushaya mhepo).Paunenge uchidiridza, nzvimbo yacho haizounganidzi mvura kuti iite kuti mvura iwedzere kana kurasikirwa, izvo zvinovandudza kushandiswa kwemvura.

Kuchengetwa kwemvura: Maduku maduku ane simba rekuchengetedza mvura, iyo inogona kupa mvura kumidzi kwenguva yakareba, nokudaro ichivandudza kusanaya kwemvura kwevhu.

(2) Kuvandudzwa kweBiological

Mhando uye nhamba yezvipenyu zvevhu (micro-organisms nemhuka duku, nezvimwewo) zvinodya pane zvisikwa zvakawedzera zvakanyanya, uye chikamu chehupenyu chakave chakasiyana uye chakafumiswa.Organic matter inowora kuita chikafu chezvirimwa nekuita kwezvipenyu zvevhu izvi.Uye zvakare, pasi pechiito che humus inogadzirwa mukuita uku, dhigirii revhu rekubatanidza rinowedzera, uye akawanda ma pores anoumbwa muvhu.

Kudzivirirwa kwezvipembenene nezvirwere: Mushure mechikamu chebiological chasiyana, kuwanda kwezvipuka zvinokuvadza senge pathogenic bacteria kunogona kudziviswa kuburikidza nekupokana pakati pezvipenyu.Somugumisiro, kuitika kwezvipembenene nezvirwere kunodzorwawo.

Chizvarwa chezvinhu zvinokurudzira kukura: Pasi pekuita kwehutachiona, zvinhu zvinokurudzira kukura zvinobatsira mukuvandudza kunaka kwechirimwa, senge amino acids, mavhitamini, uye ma enzymes, anogadzirwa.

Kurudzira kuunganidzwa kwevhu: Zvinhu zvinonamira, tsvina, zvisaririra, nezvimwewo zvinogadzirwa netupukanana zvinova zvisungo zvezvikamu zvevhu, izvo zvinoita kuti ivhu ribatane.

Kuora kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza: Zvipembenene zvine basa rekuora, kuchenesa zvinhu zvinokuvadza, uye kukanganisa kukura kwezvinhu.

(3) Kuvandudzwa kwemakemikari

Sezvo zvidimbu zvevhu zve humus nevhu zvakare zvine CEC (base displacement capacity: nutrient retention), kushandiswa kwecompost kunogona kuvandudza kuchengetedza kubereka kwevhu uye kuita basa rekuchengetedza mukushanda kwefetereza.

Vandudza kuchengetwa kwe fertility: Iyo yekutanga CEC yevhu pamwe ne humus CEC inokwana kuvandudza kuchengetwa kwezvikamu zvefetireza.Mafetereza akachengetwa anogona kupihwa zvishoma nezvishoma zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nechirimwa, zvichibva zvawedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwefetereza.

Buffering effect: Kunyangwe fetereza ikaiswa yakawandisa nekuti mafetereza acho anogona kuchengetwa kwenguva pfupi, zvirimwa hazvikanganiswe nekutsva kwefetereza.

Kuwedzera kutsvagisa zvinhu: Pamusoro peN, P, K, Ca, Mg uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinodiwa pakukura kwechirimwa, marara emarara kubva muzvirimwa, nezvimwewo, zvakare ine trace uye yakakosha S, Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Mn, Mo. , nezvimwewo, izvo zvakadzoserwa muvhu nekuisa manyowa.Kuti tinzwisise kukosha kweizvi, tinongoda kutarisa chiitiko chinotevera: masango echisikigo anoshandisa photosynthetic carbohydrates uye zvokudya uye mvura inobatwa nemidzi yekukura kwemiti, uyewo kuunganidza kubva kumashizha akawa uye matavi muvhu.Iyo humus inoumbwa pasi inotora chikafu chekuwedzera kubereka (kukura).

⑷ Mhedzisiro yekuwedzera kusakwana kwezuva

Mhedzisiro yezvino tsvakiridzo inoratidza kuti kunze kweiyo yataurwa pamusoro pekuvandudza mhedzisiro, manyowa anewo mhedzisiro yekutora zvakananga mvura-soluble carbohydrates (amino acids, nezvimwewo) kubva kumidzi kukurudzira kukura kwezvirimwa.Pane mhedziso mune yakapfuura dzidziso yekuti midzi yezvirimwa inogona kungotora inorganic chikafu senge nitrogen uye phosphoric acid, asi haigone kutora organic carbohydrates.

Sezvatinoziva tese, zvirimwa zvinogadzira makabhohaidhiretsi kuburikidza nephotosynthesis, nekudaro zvichigadzira matishu emuviri uye kuwana simba rinodiwa pakukura.Nokudaro, nechiedza chiduku, photosynthesis inononoka uye kukura kune utano hakugoneki.Zvisinei, kana "carbohydrates inogona kutorwa kubva kumidzi", iyo yakaderera photosynthesis inokonzerwa nekusakwana kwezuva inogona kubhadharwa nemakhahydrates anotorwa kubva mumidzi.Ichi ndicho chokwadi chinozivikanwa pakati pevamwe vashandi vekurima, ndiko kuti, kurima organic uchishandisa manyowa haanyanyi kukanganiswa nekushayikwa kwezuva muzhizha rinotonhorera kana makore enjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, uye chokwadi chemhando uye huwandu huri nani pane kurima fetiraiza. zvakasimbiswa nesainzi.nharo.

5. Kugoverwa kwezvikamu zvitatu zvevhu uye basa remidzi

Mukugadzirisa ivhu necompost, chiyero chakakosha ndeche "nhatu-phase kugoverwa kwevhu", kureva, chikamu chezvikamu zvevhu (solid phase), unyoro hwevhu (chikamu chemvura), uye mhepo yevhu (chikamu chemhepo. ) muvhu.Kune zvirimwa uye tupukanana, iyo yakakodzera-nhatu-chikamu kugovera ingangoita 40% muchikamu chakasimba, 30% muchikamu chemvura, uye 30% muchikamu chemhepo.Zvose zviri zviviri chikamu chemvura uye chikamu chemhepo chinomiririra zviri mukati mepores muvhu, chikamu chemvura chinomiririra zviri mukati memapores madiki akabata mvura yecapillary, uye chikamu chemhepo chinomiririra huwandu hwemapores makuru anofambisa kutenderera kwemhepo uye kubuda.

Sezvatinoziva tose, midzi yakawanda yezvirimwa inofarira 30 ~ 35% yemhepo yezinga remhepo, iyo inoenderana nebasa remidzi.Midzi yezvirimwa inokura nekuchera pores makuru, saka midzi yemidzi inogadzirwa zvakanaka.Kutora okisijeni kuti isangane nekukura kwakasimba zviitiko, mapores akakura akakwana anofanirwa kuve nechokwadi.Uko midzi inotambanukira, inosvika pores akazadzwa nemvura yecapillary, umo mvura inotorwa nebvudzi rinokura riri pamberi pemidzi, mvere dzemidzi dzinogona kupinda gumi muzana kana kuti matatu muzana yemamirimita etumaburi tuduku.